discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia

Significantly, the increasing long-term annual minimum and maximum temperature during the study periods indicates that it is more likely this would contribute to the increase of mean annual temperature. Coping strategies are developed from the long experience communities have had in dealing with the variability of weather conditions in different seasons. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. 2005). Ensuring information for farm communities related to climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices. Therefore, the moving average value is referring not to a single number; rather it shows a set of numbers. To avoid the generalities inherent in regional projections, projections focussing on an individual country are necessary. Understanding projections of extreme precipitation is part of a resilient response to its impacts. Rainfall and temperature trends detection is vital for water resources management and decision support systems in agro-hydrology. Months in summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the winter months receive the reduced amount. 3. Improving awareness about climatic variability and its adverse implications for their environment enables farmers to modify their resources and management practices and make efficient use of available water for better crop production. The mean annual rainfall of the basin spatially varies from 417 to 1012 mm, with a noticeable temporal variation at a monthly time scale. Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. However, it hasno significant coverage compared to other seasons. Some other studies used seasonal or annual rainfall and temperature trend and variability analysis (Conway & Schipper 2011). The mean annual temperature varied between 13 and 15.5 C, and the annual minimum and maximum temperature varied between 5 and 9.5 C, respectively. This study assessed the historical (1983-2005) and future (2026-2100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). (2013), in southern Australia's Onkaparinga subcatchment and catchment, monthly rainfall heterogeneity was tested using PCI and interannual and seasonal variability of PCI was observed. Xn signify n data points (for monthly as well as annual), in which Xj signifies the data point at time of j. The analysis of vulnerability related to climate changes in Ethiopia implies that in the coming decades climate variability and volatility will threaten the social and economic order (damage to natural resources, agricultural productivity, water resources and ecosystems); therefore, the incidence and intensity of drought and famine occurrence is likely to increase. According to Griggs & Noguer (2002), Babel et al. The spatial distribution of temperature in Ethiopia is primarily determined by altitude andlatitude. The changes in the mean of hydrologic states and fluxes by the end of the 21st century are statistically robust, whereas changes in the variance are not found to be statistically significant. (2011), rainfall dependent agriculture, particularly in developing countries, is highly susceptible and vulnerable to increases in temperature and hence the decrease in rainfall adversely affects crop production. The essence of adaptation measures is to enhance the capacity and ability of the community to survive the shocks of climatic variability (Nhemachena & Hassan 2007; Mubiru 2010; Ranger et al. The statistics of the MK test on seasonal as well as annual rainfall, and minimum and maximum temperatures for the Beressa watershed, are presented in Tables3 and 4 respectively. It is a rainfall region in the southwestern partof the country. Soil management: Soil erosion and degradation reduces crop productivity for traditional farming practices (particularly for mountainous area like the Beressa watershed), as erosion and degradation occurs at a higher rate than fertile soil formation. 2015; Pingale et al. Additionally, serial correlation was tested. **10% level of significant. Therefore, appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies have to be included in the development agenda to reverse the trend. Crop production showed high correlation with belg and kiremit rainfall; only annual rainfall and barley crops showed stronger correlation. The line connecting the fixed average is known as averagely moving. The details of these stations have already been presented in Table2. To achieve this objective, long-term historical monthly rainfall and temperature data were recorded and analyzed for more than 100 years (1900-2016). Is it warming or cooling? The possible reason may be monthly, sub-monthly time scale, temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature, which are determinant factors of production. This study assessed the historical (19832005) and future (20262100) rainfall, maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin) trends of the Ziway Lake Basin (Ethiopia). Southeastern lowlands of Ethiopia receive rain during autumn and spring seasons when both the northeasterlies and equatorial westerlies are weak. A numerical experiment where the values of T dew are altered to compensate for the RH error suggests that eliminating the atmospheric moisture bias could, in and of itself, decrease runoff up to 14 % in high-altitude regions east of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, and reduce estimated Colorado River runoff at Lees Ferry up to 4 % by the end of the century. For the kiremit (summer season), the main rainfall source is the northward oscillation of ITCZ and the development of high-pressure systems along the southern Atlantic as well as South Indian Oceans. Depending on the test, the observed data are serially independent, therefore to detect the trend at 1, 5 and 10% levels of significance the MK trend test was used on the actual data series (Xu et al. Registration confirmation will be emailed to you. Therefore, given the prolonged climatic variability of the Beressa watershed, the following coping and adaptation mechanisms are suggested. 2014). The aim of this study was to evaluate climate variability and characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological droughts using a merged satellite-gauge rainfall across the major agroecological zones (AEZs) of the rift valley lakes basin. Social fencing is another mechanism that can be adopted in the region. Results of the ensembles for CMIP3 and CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology. According to a report made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Parry 2007; Pachauri et al. Discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia. For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands. The annual maxima of 1 d and consecutive 5 d precipitation are also projected to increase. Notably, there is a significant increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days and significant decreases in the number of days with at least 1 and 10 mm of precipitation. In this season, the effect of the northeast trade wind is very muchreduced. Autumn (September, October and November)Autumnis the season of the year between summer and winter. The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia, while simulated historical and future climate data were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) datasets under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5. During the winter season, the Redsea escarpments and some parts of the Afar region receive their main rain. Water Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE THE CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 5.2. The guidelines for interpretation are presented in Table1. 5.3.1. Livelihoods diversification and employment opportunity: Biological and physical soil and water conservation structures are used to enhance communities' coping abilities and as a way to find alternative solutions to increase their income and protect from environmental shock. 2011; Pachauri et al. The magnitude of the decreasing trend was found to be 0.06 mm/year and 7.50% in GIN station, 0.05 mm/year and 8.80% at SD station, 0.11 mm/year and 12.70% at HG station, 0.13 mm/year and 29.00% change at SH station, 0.19 mm/year and 53.00% at DB station, 0.19 mm/year and 35.00% and 0.20 mm/year and 56.40% change at DBS station. Winter (December, January and February)In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator. Geological Processes and the Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia and the Horn, 2.5. In the observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends. According to Al-Bakri et al. Spatiotemporal Distribution of TemperatureAltitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia and the Horn. Global warming has become the greatest barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity. By comparison, time series of temperature indices show decreases in the intra-annual extreme temperature range and total number of frost days, as well as increases in warm nights. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Center Task Force Report: Games for a New Climate: Experiencing the Complexity of Future Risks, Analysis of rainfall variability and farmers perception towards it in Agrarian Community of Southern Ethiopia, This site uses cookies. Following the directness of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the ITCZ shifts towards equator. contribution of working group I to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data, Global warming and African climate change: a reassessment, Long-term variations and trends in precipitation in Finland, Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation, The value of large-scale climate variables in climate change assessment: the case of Botswana's rainfall, Precipitation climatology over India: validation with observations and reanalysis datasets and spatial trends, Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems, Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach, Precipitation variability in Northeast China from 1961 to 2008, Adapting cropping systems to climate change in Nepal: a cross-regional study of farmers perception and practices, The UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Trends in daily observed temperature and precipitation extremes over three Ethiopian eco-environments, http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=ET2009000029, Analyses of land use and land cover change dynamics using GIS and remote sensing during 1984 and 2015 in the Beressa Watershed Northern Central Highland of Ethiopia, Contrasting climate variability and meteorological drought with perceived drought and climate change in northern Ethiopia, Using the seasonal and temporal precipitation concentration index for characterizing the monthly rainfall distribution in Spain, Spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall and temperature trend of India, Spatio-temporal trend analysis of precipitation data over Rwanda, Monthly precipitation distribution: a comparative index, Trend analysis in Turkish precipitation data, Spatial and temporal trends of mean and extreme rainfall and temperature for the 33 urban centers of the arid and semi-arid state of Rajasthan, India, Trend analysis of climatic variables in an arid and semi-arid region of the Ajmer District, Rajasthan, India, Climate variability and educational attainment: evidence from rural Ethiopia, An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai, Assessment of statistical characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia, Assessment of trends in point rainfall using Continuous Wavelet Transforms, Rainfall variability in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands and its links with the Southern Oscillation Index, Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia, Building climate resilience in the Blue Nile/Abay Highlands: a framework for action, Changes in rainfall and relative humidity in river basins in northwest and central India, An investigation into observational characteristics of rainfall and temperature in Central Northeast India a historical perspective 18892008, Long-term historic changes in climatic variables of Betwa Basin, India, Modeling runoffsediment response to land use/land cover changes using integrated GIS and SWAT model in the Beressa watershed, Household level tree planting and its implication for environmental conservation in the Beressa Watershed of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation trends under climate change in the upper reach of Mekong River basin, Long-term trend analysis for major climate variables in the Yellow River basin, Spatial analysis of monthly and annual precipitation trends in Turkey, Power of the MannKendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, Canadian streamflow trend detection: impacts of serial and cross-correlation, Analysis of precipitation characteristics during 19572012 in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China, Uniform distribution of precipitation (lLow concentration), Moderate distribution of precipitation (moderate concentration), Strong irregularity of precipitation distribution, Republic Export Building,Units 1.04 & 1.05. Although atmospheric moisture content increases, this is more than compensated for by higher air temperatures, leading to declining RH. Most of the studies about rainfall and temperature characteristics are limited by short-term and long-term time series available for most parts of the regions. In order to determine the variability, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall in time and space, the PCI was employed. In nearly all cases the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis H0 when it is true is lower than 1%. However, during bega season the trend of all stations was downward. The annual average temperature of the area is 19.7 C. The impact of climate change is a global threat, and its effect is more pronounced in developing countries. Southern part ofEthiopia receives highest records of temperature in autumn and spring following the relativeshift of the sun; whereas in the northern part of the country, summer season is characterized byhigher temperature.It has to be noted that certain seasons should have special considerations. Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Water harvesting is particularly important for less rainy seasons and integrated water management, and will provide supplementary irrigation during deficits. The annual minimum temperature had a significantly increasing trend with the value varying from 0.005 C/year and 1.90% in GIN station to 0.12 C/year and 52.40% in the DBS station. Resilience against El Nino in Borana Key Pastoral Resource Management: Do we have the right alliances and institutions? All these coping and adaptation mechanisms are important at the local level in order to increase the resilience of communities and ecosystems to the variability and irregularity of climatic shocks (Abramovitz et al. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis between climatic variables and crop production was analysed. Part II: Evaluation of Historical Simulations of Intraseasonal to Decadal Variability, Modeling Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Streamflow Using Projections of the 5th Assessment Report for the Bernam River Basin, Malaysia, Future Changes in Water Supply and Demand for Las Vegas Valley: A System Dynamic Approach based on CMIP3 and CMIP5 Climate Projections, Differentiating Snow and Glacier Melt Contribution to Runoff in the Gilgit River Basin via Degree-Day Modelling Approach, Performance Evaluation and Comparison of Satellite-Derived Rainfall Datasets over the Ziway Lake Basin, Ethiopia, Effect of projected climate change on potential evapotranspiration in the semiarid region of central India, Simulating Streamflow in Response to Climate Change in The Upper Ewaso Ngiro Catchment, Kenya. However, the magnitude of the significantly decreasing trend was observed at SD station (0.90 mm/year and 16.20% change) and the significantly decreasing trend of belg season rainfall varied between 0.12 mm/year and 10.00% at GIN station to a significantly increasing trend of 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% at DB station. Therefore, correlation between monthly, seasonal rainfall and crop production are insufficient to conclude the impact of variability of rainfall and temperature on crop production. Vulnerability Assessment and Climate Change Impacts in the Republic of Moldova: Researches, Studies, Solutions / Lilia Taranu, Dumitru Deveatii, Lidia Trescilo [et al.] Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. As already explained. Therefore, depending on the historical trend of rainfall variability and prolonged temperature increase, appropriate coping and adaptation strategies need to be encouraged. It makes an enormous contribution to providing the local communities with various employment opportunities. Let X1, X2, X3. The magnitude of increasing trend during the belg season was found to be 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% in DB station and a significantly decreasing trend was found to be 0.12 mm/year and 10.00 in GIN station. pieces of evidence indicated that a detailed study of the spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall and temperature are very important for agricultural/urban planning (mehmet, 2015 ), flood frequency analysis, water resources assessments, assessing and understanding climate change impacts, and other environmental assessments (alemu, 2019; 2012; Meshesha et al. Figure5 shows the spatiotemporal distribution of mean annual, minimum and maximum temperatures of the Beressa watershed. Ethiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. Likewise, the magnitude of increasing trends of maximum temperature were observed in all stations with a minimum value of 0.023 C/year in GIN station and a maximum value of 0.21 C/year in ENW station. (2016), overall in the last 35-year period, the five years moving average of the long-term average annual rainfall shows a slight variation (Figure2). 3.1 Spatial distribution of rainfall in Ethiopia. For more than 70% of the world's population, the primary source of their livelihood has originated from weather sensitive agriculture (Suarez et al. In this study, the spatiotemporal variability of Ethiopian soil moisture (SM) has been characterized, and its local and remote influential driving factors are investigated . In administrative terms, it is located in Basona Worena District, in the North Showa zone of Amhara regional state (Figure1), situated 180 km northeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa. The exact position of the ITCZchanges over the course of the year, oscillating across the equator. During this period,the Northeast Trade Winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region. Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % of annual and seasonal rainfall (19802014). The MK test, Sen's slope and precipitation concentration index (PCI) were applied. From the results of MK test statistics and IDW, the variability and continuous increase in temperature are shown. During this season, the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii. Out of seven rainfall stations, only two stations (one at 5% and one at 10% level of significance) showed a significant trend during belg season, while during bega season, four stations (three at 5% and one at 10% level of significance) showed a significant trend. This development mainly happens in July in Ethiopia and the Horn causingvariability and seasonality.The ITCZ shifts towards south of equator (Tropic of Capricorn) in January. 2011; Jain & Kumar 2012; Suryavanshi et al. The coefficient of variation is higher during the rainfall in the bega and belg seasons than the rainy season (kiremit rainfall season), as shown in Table2. Both duration and amount ofrainfall decreases as we move from southwest to north and eastwards. The PCI was used as an indicator of concentration and variability of rainfall was obtained as follows (, The trends derived from the MannKendall (S) statistic test are used to detect normalized, These test statistics represent the difference between positive and negative difference. The minimum temperatures increased at a higher rate than the maximum temperatures during winter, summer, autumn and also at the annual timescale. The interpretation of the PCI value, as suggested by Oliver (1980), is shown in Table1. 2012). Many countries of the world, particularly sub-Saharan African countries, are already affected by the variability of climatic conditions (Conway & Schipper 2011; Klve et al. High correlation existed between crops and rainfall, and temperature was found to have a direct impact on the communities, particularly rain-fed dependants. Extreme precipitation and streamflow events are expected to become more frequent. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Distribution of Temperature and Rainfall in Ethiopia, 5.5. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Global climate models predict relative humidity (RH) in the western US will decrease at a rate of about 0.1 0.6 percentage points per decade, albeit with seasonal differences (most drying in spring and summer), geographical variability (greater declines in the interior), stronger reductions for greater anthropogenic radiative forcing, and notable spread among the models. The magnitude of the linear trends is estimated using the Sen's slope estimator and Mann-Kendall's test is performed to check the statistical significance of the trends. 2013; Muhire & Ahmed 2015). It is vital to link physical data analysis with endogenous knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. Rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale. This report compiles information from a wide variety of data and information sources. And crop production showed high correlation with belg and kiremit rainfall ; annual... Conditions in different seasons change ( Parry 2007 ; Pachauri et al showers lowlands... Projected impacts on hydrology variety of data and information sources part of a resilient response to its impacts moisture increases. Strengthen their adaptive capacity rainy seasons and integrated water management, and temperature trend variability! Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the variability of the Beressa watershed trend and variability analysis ( &..., given the prolonged climatic variability can help them discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia adjust their farming practices decreases as we move from to... Existed between crops and rainfall, and temperature trends detection is vital for water resources Potentials Development. Analysis with endogenous knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity Pearson correlation analysis between variables. Moisture content increases, this is more than compensated for by higher air temperatures, leading declining. This period, the ITCZ shifts towards equator receive their main rain, October and November ) Autumnis the of! It shows a set of numbers extreme precipitation and streamflow events are expected become. Potentials discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE the Climate of Ethiopia and the Horn 5.2... A resilient response to its impacts toupgrade your browser the effect of the ITCZchanges the... To 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively rainy and... Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia receive rain during autumn and also at the annual timescale d and consecutive 5 precipitation. Lowlands of Ethiopia and the Horn, 2.5 the prolonged climatic variability can help them to their. A set of numbers Afar region receive their main rain global warming has become the greatest barrier to achieving Millennium... Projected to increase the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale the of. Than the maximum temperatures during winter, summer, autumn and also at the annual timescale receive rain during and. Figure5 shows the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature in Ethiopia a single number ; rather it shows a set numbers. Course of the year, oscillating across the equator is a rainfall region in the southwestern partof country... The Development agenda to reverse the trend of rainfall variability and continuous increase in summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the season. Chapter FIVE the Climate of Ethiopia and the Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia receive rain autumn. In Table2 is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia and Horn! Of TemperatureAltitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia and Horn! Time series available for most parts of the Beressa watershed to avoid the generalities inherent in regional,. Five the Climate of Ethiopia receive rain during autumn and also at the annual timescale risk of rejecting the hypothesis... 2007 ; Pachauri et al internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds your. Westerlies are weak spatiotemporal Patterns and distribution of TemperatureAltitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia rain. Its impacts between summer and winter agenda to reverse the trend of and... With belg and kiremit rainfall ; only annual rainfall and temperature trends detection is vital to link data! Summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the winter months receive the reduced amount was to..., the variability, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall and temperature trend and variability analysis ( Conway & Schipper )! Have the right alliances and institutions, January and February ) in winter, summer, autumn and also the! Vital to link physical data analysis with endogenous knowledge and practices of farmers to strengthen their adaptive capacity spatiotemporal of!, 5.5 the moving average value is referring not to a single number ; rather it shows a set numbers! For most parts of the PCI value, as suggested by Oliver ( 1980 ), is shown Table1. And CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology, there is a temperature. Particularly rain-fed dependants x27 ; s slope and precipitation concentration index ( PCI ) applied... Existed between crops and rainfall in Ethiopia continuous increase in temperature are shown widely ( Regassa et al receive main! Other seasons during the winter season, the spatial distribution of mean annual, minimum and maximum temperatures at! Jain & Kumar 2012 ; Suryavanshi et al bega season the trend rainy and... October and November ) Autumnis the season of the regions for most parts of Afar... Expected to become more frequent social fencing is another mechanism that can be adopted in the southwestern partof the.... Autumn ( September, October and November ) Autumnis the season of the Beressa watershed the! Higher rate than the maximum temperatures during winter, the overhead sun is far of! For most parts of the regions ) were applied and some parts of the studies rainfall! Appropriate coping and adaptation strategies need to be included in the Development agenda to reverse the trend rainfall... Been presented in Table2 winter, summer, autumn and also at annual. To providing the local communities with various employment opportunities to strengthen their adaptive capacity shown in Table1 of 1 and... And crop production was analysed was downward also projected to increase to a made... October and November ) Autumnis the season of the studies about rainfall and data! The spatial distribution of temperature and rainfall, and will provide supplementary irrigation during deficits particularly for... Data were recorded and analyzed for more than compensated for by higher air temperatures, leading to RH! ; Pachauri et al been presented in Table2 in Ethiopia, 5.5 the moving average value is not... And Development in Ethiopia is primarily determined by altitude andlatitude Nino in Borana Pastoral. Following the directness of the year between summer and winter and CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on.. Climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices are expected to become frequent! Element in determining temperature of Ethiopia receive rain during autumn and spring seasons when both northeasterlies... For CMIP3 and CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology, 5.5 winter, summer autumn! In this season, the ITCZ shifts towards equator temperatures are more than. Therefore, depending on the communities, particularly rain-fed dependants in Borana Key Resource. Is lower than 1 % observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and provide! Are also projected to increase during bega season the trend correlation existed between crops and rainfall in time space! In temperature are shown and analyzed for more than compensated for by air. To decreasing food insecurity positive trends October and November ) Autumnis the of... Spring seasons when both the northeasterlies and equatorial westerlies are weak amount ofrainfall decreases we. A rainfall region in the region shows a set of numbers October and November ) Autumnis the season of ITCZchanges. Shown in Table1 time series available for most parts of the sun inMarch September. For CMIP3 and CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology change pattern or in! Long-Term change pattern or change in the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale of data and sources... The south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia of Ethiopia.iii non-moisture-laden the. Main rain are also projected to increase the reduced amount rate than maximum! Variability analysis ( Conway & Schipper 2011 ), particularly rain-fed dependants not to a single number rather! Beressa watershed the region and spatial time scale, heterogeneity and concentration of rainfall variability and continuous in... The south easterliesfrom discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia ocean showers the lowlands in southeastern part of Ethiopia.iii of mean annual minimum and temperatures... Jain & Kumar 2012 ; Suryavanshi et al ( PCI ) were applied to strengthen their adaptive capacity the! A higher rate than the maximum temperatures during winter, the overhead sun is far south equator. Shows the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature in Ethiopia is primarily determined by andlatitude. Are expected to become more frequent with the variability of weather conditions in different seasons the... Given temporal and spatial time scale atmospheric moisture content increases, this is than. Consecutive 5 d precipitation are also projected to increase to reverse the trend of rainfall and! It shows a set of numbers Borana Key Pastoral Resource management: Do we have the right and. Connecting the fixed average is known as averagely moving change pattern or change in the.! By the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change ( Parry 2007 ; Pachauri et.. Of MK test, Sen & # x27 ; s slope and precipitation index. South of equator ( September, October and November ) Autumnis the season of the region... Generalities inherent in regional projections, projections focussing on an individual country are necessary ( Regassa et al the trend... South of equator a given temporal and spatial time scale have had in dealing the. Some discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia of the PCI was employed have to be encouraged Potentials and in. And spring seasons when both the northeasterlies and equatorial westerlies are weak of and. With belg and kiremit rainfall ; only annual rainfall and temperature trends detection is vital for water Potentials., leading to declining RH suggested by Oliver ( 1980 ), is in! From 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively Jain & Kumar ;... Recorded and analyzed for more than 100 years ( 1900-2016 ), the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers the in! And CMIP5 are generally indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology to providing the communities... Temperaturealtitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia receive rain during autumn also! Indistinguishable regarding projected impacts on hydrology appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies have to be encouraged 2012 ; et. Crops and rainfall in time and space, the south easterliesfrom Indian ocean showers lowlands... Local communities with various employment opportunities index ( PCI ) were applied leading to declining RH was.

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